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Globulin
Globulin refers to a group of blood proteins essential for immune system function, hormone transport, and inflammatory response. It includes immunoglobulins (antibodies), transport proteins, and clotting factors. Abnormal globulin levels may signal chronic inflammation, liver dysfunction, autoimmune disease, or infections. Low levels can suggest immune suppression or protein loss, while elevated levels are often seen in chronic inflammatory or liver conditions, as recognised in NHS diagnostic guidelines.

Total Protein
Total Protein measures the combined concentration of albumin and globulin in your bloodstream. It offers a broad indicator of nutritional status, liver function, and kidney health. Low levels may point to malnutrition, liver disease, or nephrotic syndrome, while elevated levels can occur in inflammation or plasma cell disorders. It is routinely used in clinical practice to assess general protein synthesis and catabolism.

Total Cholesterol
Total Cholesterol reflects the sum of all cholesterol types in the blood, including HDL, LDL, and VLDL. While cholesterol is essential for building cell membranes and hormones, excess total cholesterol can increase cardiovascular risk. The British Heart Foundation highlights cholesterol testing as one of the most important tools for assessing heart disease prevention, especially when combined with other lipid ratios.

HDL Cholesterol
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is considered the “good” cholesterol due to its protective role in cardiovascular health. HDL scavenges excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transports it back to the liver for removal. Higher HDL levels are associated with lower risk of heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerosis. Low HDL is a known risk factor for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular events.

LDL Cholesterol
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) is often called the “bad” cholesterol because it can deposit cholesterol in artery walls, contributing to plaque formation and atherosclerosis. Elevated LDL is strongly associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. NICE guidelines recommend regular LDL monitoring in patients at risk of cardiovascular conditions or on statin therapy.

HbA1c (Glycated Haemoglobin)
HbA1c measures the percentage of haemoglobin bound to glucose, offering a 2–3 month average of blood sugar control. It is a cornerstone biomarker for diagnosing and managing type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. Elevated HbA1c indicates poor glucose regulation and increased risk for diabetic complications including cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and neuropathy.

Ferritin
Ferritin is the main storage protein for iron and is a critical marker for assessing iron reserves. Low ferritin indicates iron deficiency, even before anaemia develops, which can lead to fatigue, impaired cognitive function, and reduced immunity. Conversely, high ferritin may suggest iron overload, liver disease, or inflammation. Ferritin is often the first marker altered in subclinical anaemia.

Vitamin B12 (Total)
Vitamin B12 plays a key role in red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. A deficiency can lead to macrocytic anaemia, fatigue, cognitive changes, and nerve damage. B12 is especially crucial for vegetarians, older adults, and individuals with absorption issues such as pernicious anaemia or gastrointestinal disorders like coeliac disease.

Albumin
Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma and helps maintain oncotic pressure, fluid balance, and transport of hormones and medications. Low albumin can result from liver disease, kidney disease, or protein malnutrition. It is a sensitive marker of chronic illness and systemic inflammation and is routinely included in nutritional status evaluations.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
ALP is an enzyme present in the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP can indicate bile duct obstruction, liver inflammation, or bone disorders such as Paget’s disease or osteomalacia (often due to vitamin D deficiency). In a nutritional panel, ALP provides insight into both hepatic and skeletal health, especially when combined with vitamin D and calcium status.

Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a form of fat stored in the body and used for energy. Raised levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, especially when accompanied by low HDL or high LDL. High triglycerides may result from insulin resistance, excess carbohydrate intake, or metabolic syndrome. NICE recommends lipid profile monitoring as part of routine cardiovascular risk assessment.

HDL % of Total Cholesterol
This value represents the percentage of your total cholesterol that is made up of protective HDL. It offers a more refined view of lipid balance and cardiovascular risk. A higher HDL percentage indicates a more favourable lipid profile, while a lower percentage may suggest an imbalance favouring atherogenic lipids.

Non-HDL Cholesterol
Non-HDL cholesterol includes all atherogenic (plaque-forming) lipoproteins — essentially total cholesterol minus HDL. It encompasses LDL, VLDL, and remnants, and is considered a superior predictor of cardiovascular risk in some populations. The European Society of Cardiology recommends it as a target marker for lipid-lowering therapies.

Iron
Iron is essential for haemoglobin formation and oxygen transport. Low serum iron levels can cause iron-deficiency anaemia, leading to fatigue, hair loss, shortness of breath, and cognitive issues. Elevated iron may point to conditions such as haemochromatosis. Regular monitoring helps identify both deficiency and overload states, each with distinct clinical risks.

Vitamin D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D)
25(OH)D is the best marker for assessing vitamin D status. Vitamin D regulates calcium metabolism, supports immune response, and contributes to muscle function. Deficiency has been linked to osteoporosis, increased susceptibility to infections, depression, and autoimmune conditions. The UK government recommends supplementation during the winter months due to limited sun exposure.

Folate (Vitamin B9)
Folate is essential for DNA synthesis, cell division, and prevention of neural tube defects during pregnancy. Deficiency can result in megaloblastic anaemia, low energy, and impaired cognitive function. Alongside B12, folate supports homocysteine metabolism, which is relevant for cardiovascular health. Folate levels are crucial in women of childbearing age and individuals with malabsorption.