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Testosterone
Testosterone is the body’s primary anabolic hormone, playing a crucial role in promoting lean muscle mass, strength development, red blood cell production, and post-exercise recovery. Low testosterone levels in athletes may be associated with fatigue, reduced power output, and impaired muscle repair. Conversely, abnormally high levels may indicate external supplementation or hormonal dysregulation. Tracking testosterone is key for managing training intensity and long-term endocrine health.

Free Testosterone
Free Testosterone refers to the unbound, biologically active form of testosterone available to tissues. Unlike total testosterone, free testosterone represents the fraction capable of directly stimulating muscle repair, libido, motivation, and energy metabolism. It is a more precise marker for functional androgen status, particularly when total testosterone is borderline or SHBG levels are abnormal.

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)
SHBG is a glycoprotein that binds to testosterone and oestradiol, regulating their availability. High SHBG reduces free testosterone levels, even if total testosterone remains within normal range. Elevated SHBG is sometimes seen in endurance athletes, while low SHBG may result from stress, excessive training loads, or anabolic steroid use. This marker helps contextualise androgen availability and hormonal balance.

Cortisol
Cortisol is a catabolic hormone released during stress and intense physical exertion. While necessary for energy regulation and inflammation control, chronically elevated cortisol can suppress muscle growth, reduce testosterone, impair immune function, and promote fat accumulation—particularly visceral fat. Monitoring cortisol helps athletes avoid overreaching and guides recovery strategies.

Oestradiol
Oestradiol is a key oestrogen hormone. In males, elevated oestradiol may occur due to aromatisation of testosterone, often seen during anabolic steroid use or in cases of hormonal imbalance. In female athletes, low oestradiol may indicate hypothalamic suppression, often caused by excessive training or low body fat, leading to menstrual irregularities and reduced bone density. It provides insight into endocrine feedback and health risks across genders.

Prolactin
Prolactin is involved in reproductive hormone regulation. Elevated prolactin levels can suppress gonadal function, reducing testosterone in males and altering oestrogen balance in females. Raised prolactin is often linked to stress, pituitary dysfunction, or medication use. For athletes, it may affect libido, recovery, and mood, and is useful in identifying hormonal dysregulation.

Iron Levels
Iron is essential for haemoglobin synthesis and oxygen delivery to muscles. Low serum iron can cause fatigue, reduced aerobic capacity, and poor performance—particularly in female athletes, vegetarians, or those with high sweat losses. Iron deficiency may occur even without anaemia and often precedes noticeable performance decline. Regular monitoring is critical for endurance athletes.

Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to muscles. Optimal levels support endurance, energy output, and recovery. Low haemoglobin may indicate anaemia, blood loss, or overtraining. In contrast, abnormally high levels may occur with erythropoietin use or high-altitude training.

Haematocrit
Haematocrit reflects the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells. It directly influences oxygen-carrying capacity and blood viscosity. Elevated haematocrit may improve performance but also increases thrombotic risk. It is particularly monitored in athletes using altitude simulation or performance-enhancing agents. Low levels suggest under-recovery or anaemia.

Full Blood Count (FBC)
The Full Blood Count is a broad screening test that assesses red cells, white cells, and platelets. It provides a snapshot of immune status, oxygen transport, inflammation, and recovery readiness. White cell abnormalities may point to infection or immune suppression, while low red cells and haemoglobin can impair endurance. FBC is an essential baseline for high-performance training monitoring.

Platelet Count
Platelets are responsible for blood clotting and tissue repair. Abnormal platelet levels may indicate inflammatory stress, bone marrow suppression, or vascular strain. In athletes, changes may reflect overtraining, injury response, or nutritional imbalances, and warrant further investigation if persistently outside the normal range.

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)
MPV measures the average size of your platelets and offers insight into platelet activity. Elevated MPV may reflect increased clotting potential or systemic inflammation, which can be important in monitoring cardiovascular risk or injury recovery, especially in athletes exposed to repetitive strain or intense exertion.

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
CRP is a high-sensitivity marker of systemic inflammation. Elevated CRP can result from infection, injury, or excessive training load and is strongly linked to reduced recovery and increased injury risk. A persistently raised CRP in athletes may signal overtraining syndrome or inadequate rest periods and should prompt a review of training protocols.

Albumin
Albumin is a liver-produced protein involved in maintaining plasma volume and transporting hormones, drugs, and nutrients. Low albumin may result from poor protein intake, chronic inflammation, or liver stress. For athletes, it is a useful marker of overall nutritional status and recovery environment.

Globulin
Globulin encompasses a range of proteins including immunoglobulins and transport molecules. It plays a vital role in immune defence and hormone binding. Fluctuations in globulin levels can indicate systemic inflammation, immune strain, or overtraining—common in athletes under heavy physical stress or experiencing inadequate recovery.

Total Protein
Total Protein reflects the sum of albumin and globulin and provides a general measure of the body’s protein reserves. Low levels may suggest dietary insufficiency, poor absorption, or chronic catabolic stress. For performance monitoring, it helps assess whether protein intake supports the body’s recovery and repair needs.

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
PSA is included to assess prostate health, particularly in male athletes over 40 or those using exogenous androgens. Elevated PSA may reflect benign prostatic hyperplasia, inflammation, or stimulation due to hormonal imbalance. Any abnormal result should be followed up clinically to rule out underlying pathology.